The long-held belief that iron deficiency is the primary cause of anaemia in India may no longer hold true, according to a recent study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Researchers from several renowned institutions, including St. John’s Medical College and the National Institute of Nutrition, found that iron deficiency accounted for only 9% of anaemia cases in their sample of 4,500 participants across eight Indian states.

The study revealed that 22% of anaemia cases stemmed from unknown causes, which could include deficiencies in other blood-producing nutrients like Vitamin B12 and folate, hemoglobinopathies, or external factors such as air pollution and unhygienic environments. These findings suggest that anaemia in India is influenced by a more complex interplay of factors than previously assumed.

Interestingly, the method of blood collection was found to significantly impact anaemia estimates. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) relied on capillary blood tests, which may yield higher anaemia rates due to fluid mixing during collection. In contrast, the study used venous blood draws, producing more accurate results and showing lower anaemia prevalence across age groups.

Professor Anura Kurpad, one of the study's authors, emphasized the importance of diversifying diets to combat anaemia effectively. He highlighted the need for policies that ensure access to nutrient-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and dairy, rather than focusing exclusively on iron supplements.

India’s Anaemia Mukt Bharat initiative currently addresses the issue through iron and folic acid supplementation, de-worming, fortified foods, and awareness campaigns. However, experts argue for a broader, diet-focused approach to make a lasting impact on reducing anaemia prevalence.